The Alpine mountains of Scandinavia. 斯堪的纳维亚的阿尔卑斯山脉.
It's an unforgiving environment 这是一个无情的环境
where the harsh winter creates 严酷的冬天创造了
a seemingly lifeless void of ice and snow. 一片看似死气沉沉的冰天雪地.
But one small creature beats the odds, 但有一种小生物胜出了,
and every few years,it emerges unexpectedly 每隔几年,它就会出人意料地出现
from under the snow. 在雪下.
And becomes a social media sensation. 成为社交媒体的轰动.
Oh,I can see a lemming! 哦,我能看见一只旅鼠！
The Norway lemming might just be 挪威旅鼠可能只是
the most famous and misunderstood animal 最著名和被误解的动物
in this part of the world. 在世界的这个地方.
Hi,little lemming. 嗨,小旅鼠.
And for all it knows, 据它所知,
it's a ferocious rodent with a killer instinct. 它是一种凶猛的啮齿动物,有杀人的本能.
No doubt in the Nordic mountains, 毫无疑问,在北欧山脉,
the lemming is the little giant. 旅鼠是小巨人.
Then the lemmings are gone. 然后旅鼠就不见了.
Seasons pass without any sign of them. 四季流逝,却没有任何迹象.
So where do they go, 他们去哪了,
and when will they reappear? 他们什么时候会出现？
Stretching 1,700 kilometers across Norway and Sweden, 横跨挪威和瑞典1700公里,
the Scandinavian Alpine region is a world 斯堪的纳维亚高山地区是一个世界
created by the glaciers of the last ice age. 由上一个冰河时代的冰川形成.
Straddling the Arctic Circle, 横跨北极圈,
this is a land defined by ice and snow, 这是一片冰雪覆盖的土地,
where winter reigns for most of the year. 一年中大部分时间都是冬天.
Winter temperatures can plunge below minus 40 celsius, 冬天的温度会下降到零下40摄氏度以下,
immobilizing the water by nature's own sculpting craft. 用大自然自己的雕刻工艺固定水.
Harsh enough to impede most life. 残酷到足以阻碍大多数生命.
Still,this is where we find 不过,这是我们发现的地方
some of the world's oldest trees, 一些世界上最古老的树,
with roots and clones almost 10,000 years old. 树根和无性系都有近一万年的历史了.
But if life above the snow is a challenge, 但是如果雪地上的生活是一个挑战,
life beneath is a different story. 下面的生活是另一回事.
Lemmings. 旅鼠.
The Norway lemming is a small rodent 挪威旅鼠是一种小型啮齿动物
that lives only in Scandinavia. 只生活在斯堪的纳维亚半岛.
During winter,it feeds on mosses under the snow. 冬天,它以雪下的苔藓为食.
And while they're mostly solitary animals, 虽然它们大多是独居动物,
winter circumstances often force them to congregate. 冬天的环境常常迫使他们聚集在一起.
Under a warming blanket of snow, 在温暖的积雪下,
they find refuge from the weather 他们躲避天气
and potential predators. 以及潜在的掠食者.
As tension grows in cramped quarters, 在狭小的空间里,紧张气氛愈演愈烈,
some young males get the urge to take a daring hike. 一些年轻的雄性会有冒险远足的冲动.
In hopes of finding a welcoming female around the corner. 希望能在拐角处找到一位热情的女性.
The young male is quick on the draw 年轻的男性很快就被吸引住了
and leaves nothing to chance. 不留任何机会.
But he soon finds he wasn't invited to the party. 但他很快发现他没有被邀请参加聚会.
The lemmings build up their populations quietly, 旅鼠悄悄地繁殖,
under the snow. 在雪下.
In some years,their numbers can explode, 在某些年份,他们的数量会爆炸,
and this is what helps create the myth about lemmings 这就是创造关于旅鼠神话的原因
that lives on unabated. 这一点有增无减.
Just why the lemming population peaks 这就是为什么旅鼠数量达到高峰
every fourth year or so is still a bit of a mystery, 每四年左右还是个谜,
but when it happens,it sets the scene 但是当它发生的时候,它就开始了
for a spectacular lemming year in the Nordic tundra. 在北欧苔原度过了一个壮观的旅鼠年.
The raven is ever present in this environment, 乌鸦总是出现在这种环境中,
tolerating the freezing temperatures with ease. 轻松忍受严寒.
The red fox,however,has benefited from climate change, 然而,红狐得益于气候变化,
expanding its territories from the forests 从森林扩张领土
to the tundra at higher altitudes. 到高海拔的冻土带.
The red fox's intrusion into this land 红狐入侵这片土地
has made it a player in the realm of the lemming. 使它成为旅鼠王国的一员.
When the sun returns,temperatures rise, 当太阳回来,温度上升,
while foxes and ravens await 狐狸和乌鸦在等待
the next chapter in the lemmings' story. 旅鼠故事的下一章.
And this next chapter brings one more player to the surface. 下一章又会有一个玩家浮出水面.
The arctic fox. 北极狐.
Having survived here since the ice age, 从冰河时代就在这里生存了下来,
the arctic fox now faces regional extinction. 北极狐现在面临区域性灭绝.
There are only three to 400 adult arctic foxes 成年北极狐只有3到400只
left in Scandinavia. 留在斯堪的纳维亚.
Subsisting mostly on lemmings, 主要以旅鼠为食,
it has suffered from a lack of prey for decades. 几十年来,它一直饱受着缺乏猎物的折磨.
Good lemming years have become rare, 好的旅鼠时代已经很少见了,
but hopefully,this year will be different. 但希望今年会有所不同.
But she won't go hunting just yet. 但她现在还不会去打猎.
It's too dangerous to be exposed to predators 暴露在捕食者面前太危险了
in broad daylight. 光天化日之下.
Instead,she relies on a stash 相反,她依靠的是一个藏匿处
of lemmings she caught earlier, 她以前捉到的狐猴,
now hidden in a natural fridge close to her den. 现在藏在靠近她巢穴的天然冰箱里.
Even in a year with a sparse lemming population, 即使在旅鼠稀少的一年里,
her survival chances are good, 她的生存机会很好,
but for her potential offspring, 但对于她潜在的后代,
a good lemming year is a must. 一个好的旅鼠年是必须的.
If she's lucky,as many as a dozen pups 如果她幸运的话,多达12只小狗
can be born and survive. 可以出生和生存.
In a bad year with few rodents, 在啮齿动物稀少的糟糕年份,
it can be a total loss. 这可能是完全的损失.
Most other animals leave these mountains in the autumn, 大多数其他动物在秋天离开这些山,
migrating to the forests at lower altitudes. 迁徙到低海拔的森林.
Despite the enchanting beauty, 尽管美丽迷人,
the Taiga forest can still be a forbidding place. 泰加森林仍然是一个令人望而生畏的地方.
Reindeer spend the winter here. 驯鹿在这里过冬.
Grazing now means finding the right forest, 现在放牧意味着找到合适的森林,
because their food hangs from the trees. 因为他们的食物挂在树上.
Lichen. 地衣.
Lichen is their winter staple, 地衣是它们冬天的主食,
but finding it is no easy feat, 但找到它并不是一件容易的事,
because it's cold and the reindeer need to eat a lot. 因为天气很冷,驯鹿需要吃很多东西.
The food is sparse,and sometimes hard to reach. 食物稀少,有时很难够到.
Their hooves are like shovels that can lay the ground bare 他们的蹄子像铲子,能把地刨光
and allow the reindeer to reach the lichen under the snow. 让驯鹿到达雪下的地衣.
For the much taller moose,deep snow is no obstacle. 对于更高的驼鹿来说,厚厚的雪不是障碍.
Feeding on needles and twigs, 以针叶和树枝为食,
their food supply is more abundant. 他们的食物供应更充足.
Still,it's a trying time for all, 不过,这对所有人来说都是一个艰难的时刻,
and they can face starvation and death at any time. 他们随时可能面临饥饿和死亡.
In the twilight darkness of the long winter nights, 在漫长冬夜的暮色中,
the phantom of the forest benefits 森林幻影的好处
from the spoils of winter. 从冬天的战利品.
The elusive wolverine is a bad hunter 难以捉摸的狼獾是个不好的猎人
but a very effective scavenger. 但是一个非常有效的清道夫.
It will return to this reindeer carcass many times. 它会多次回到驯鹿的尸体上.
After months of low light, 经过数月的弱光,
the sun climbs higher in the sky-- 太阳升得更高--
And it signals change. 它发出改变的信号.
Deep in the genes of many species, 在许多物种的基因深处,
evolving over thousands of years, 经过几千年的进化,
the light triggers an urge to move. 光线触发了移动的冲动.
Scandinavian reindeer are semi-domesticated. 斯堪的纳维亚驯鹿是半驯养的.
For most of the year they live as wild animals 一年中的大部分时间它们都像野生动物一样生活
in the vast expanses of the north. 在辽阔的北方.
But for the spring migration back to the Alpine highlands, 但是春季迁徙回阿尔卑斯高地,
they are herded by heir owners,the S¨￠mi, 他们是由继承人S￠mi,
the indigenous people of the north. 北方的土著人.
Reindeer husbandry dates back hundreds of years. 驯鹿的饲养可以追溯到几百年前.
The knowledge is passed from generation to generation. 知识是代代相传的.
They follow ancient migration routes 他们遵循古老的迁徙路线
over frozen rivers and lakes for hundreds of kilometers. 在冰冻的河流和湖泊上空数百公里.
It's a long trek. 这是一次漫长的跋涉.
It can take up to two weeks to reach the mountains. 到达山区可能需要两周的时间.
And the S¨￠mi must time the migration just right. 而且S￠mi必须准确地确定迁移时间.
Early enough so the river ice 太早了,河水结冰了
is still thick enough to travel on, 仍然很厚,可以继续旅行,
but late enough so the pastures are bare 但时间太晚了,牧场都光秃秃的
when they arrive in the faraway highlands. 当他们到达遥远的高地.
The bonds of winter are finally fully broken. 冬天的束缚终于被完全打破了.
When the thaw starts,the ground is still frozen. 当解冻开始时,地面仍然冻结.
Water saturates the land 水浸透了土地
creating a patchwork of streams, 创造了一个错落有致的溪流,
temporary ponds and wetlands. 临时池塘和湿地.
It's a disaster for the confused lemmings. 这对迷茫的旅鼠来说是一场灾难.
The protective roof of snow is gone, 雪的保护屋顶消失了,
exposing them to predators. 把它们暴露在捕食者面前.
They're desperate to seek new shelter, 他们渴望寻找新的庇护所,
but they also must deal with the water 但他们也必须处理水
on the flooded tundra. 在被洪水淹没的苔原上.
On the search for new territory, 在寻找新领土的过程中,
their movement in the spring sparked a popular myth 他们在春天的运动引发了一个流行的神话
that this was a mass exodus. 这是一次大规模的人口外流.
This is most likely not true. 这很可能不是真的.
What people have seen has been exaggerated. 人们所看到的被夸大了.
Of course they don't intend to kill themselves. 他们当然不想自杀.
This is simply their migratory behavior. 这只是它们的迁徙行为.
Lemmings on the move need to cross bodies of water, 迁徙中的旅鼠需要穿越水体,
not commit suicide,but just to get to the other side. 不是自杀,只是为了达到对方.
Lemmings are good swimmers. 旅鼠是游泳高手.
Their fur holds a lot of air,keeping them buoyant. 它们的皮毛含有大量的空气,使它们保持浮力.
Of course,some will fail, 当然,有些会失败,
and again,this feeds the myth of the suicidal lemming. 这再一次助长了自杀旅鼠的神话.
Having survived one nightmare, 经历了一场噩梦,
the lemmings soon come face-to-face with another. 旅鼠很快就和另一只面对面了.
The long-tailed skua. 长尾臭鼬.
This master flyer has spent the winter 这个传单大师已经过冬了
near the south polar region on the other side of the world. 靠近世界另一边的南极地区.
Now it must find nesting ground 它现在必须找到筑巢的地方
to continue its life cycle 继续它的生命周期
during a very short summer period. 在一个很短的夏天.
They're out on a scouting flight. 他们在侦察飞行.
If there's enough food,which means enough lemmings, 如果有足够的食物,也就是说有足够的旅鼠,
they will stay. 他们会留下来的.
If not,they'll depart and come looking again next year. 如果没有,他们将离开,明年再来寻找.
The hunt is on, 狩猎开始了,
and it's shaping up to be a good lemming year. 今年将是一个很好的旅鼠年.
The red fox is getting wind of this,too, 红狐也听说了,
and it scours the land in search of food, 它四处搜寻食物,
venturing higher up in the mountains 在山上冒险
to areas where it was scarce in the past. 去了过去很稀少的地方.
This time,the long-tailed skua 这一次,长尾臭鼬
is the successful hunter. 是成功的猎手.
But the skuas are not real raptors. 但是臭鼬不是真正的猛禽.
They lack the talons and beaks of birds of prey. 它们的喙和爪子都没有.
Devouring a lemming becomes hard work, 吞食一只旅鼠变成了一项艰苦的工作,
and the couple teams up to dismember the prey. 夫妻俩一起去肢解猎物.
Working together creates a strong bond 一起工作可以建立一种牢固的纽带
before the start of the nesting season. 在筑巢季节开始之前.
Thawing is a process lasting weeks and months, 解冻是一个持续数周甚至数月的过程,
well into the summer. 一直到夏天.
The rivers run free again, 河流又自由了,
becoming a majestic force of the north. 成为北方的雄伟力量.
Moose also migrate back to the highlands, 驼鹿也会迁徙回高地,
but unlike the reindeer that team up with the S¨￠mi people, 但不像驯鹿那样与S￠mi人合作,
they must find their way by themselves. 他们必须自己找路.
The swollen,icy rivers look quite threatening. 这些浮冰的河流看起来很危险.
The moose use age-old shallow crossings, 驼鹿使用古老的浅交叉口,
where many generations of moose 很多代的驼鹿
have made it safely to the other side. 已经安全到达了另一边.
Still,it's no easy decision. 不过,这不是一个容易的决定.
They're good swimmers, 他们游泳很好,
but the strong current could easily sweep them away. 但是强大的水流很容易把它们冲走.
Safely across,they continue. 安全地穿过,他们继续前进.
The increased water flow of the millions of creeks 数百万条小溪增加的水流
running down from the hillsides 从山坡上跑下来
send signals downstream. 向下游发送信号.
It's an open invitation to fish 这是一个公开的钓鱼邀请
waiting to perform their annual upstream migration. 等待执行每年的上游迁移.
It's been four years since this grayling hatched 这只灰灵已经四年没孵化了
in this small brook. 在这条小溪里.
For the first time in its life,it returns to spawn, 它有生以来第一次回来产卵,
but it will not come alone, 但它不会单独出现,
and competition for the best territory, 争夺最好的地盘,
and the most fertile females, 最有生育能力的女性,
will insight conflict. 会产生冲突.
Males arrive first in large numbers, 大量雄性首先到达,
and with their dorsal fins turned red, 背鳍变红了,
they signal they are prepared to attract the females, 它们表示它们准备吸引雌性,
and defend their chosen underwater territory. 保卫他们选择的水下领土.
And the battles are quite fierce. 战斗相当激烈.
A few days later, 几天后,
the females swim into the area. 雌鸟游进这个区域.
This is what the males with the red fins were waiting for. 这就是那些长着红色鳍的雄性在等待的.
The couples look for a bottom substrate 这对夫妇寻找一个底部基板
where the females can easily deliver their eggs. 在那里雌性可以很容易地产卵.
Initially used to flash down a partner, 最初用来闪现一个搭档,
the dorsal fins are then used to brace receptive females 然后用背鳍支撑接受的雌性
during release of milt and roe. 在米尔特和罗被释放期间.
A female can produce as many as 20,000 eggs, 一只雌性能产20000个卵,
but it will be a few weeks before they hatch, 但离孵化还有几个星期,
and several more weeks before the offspring,too, 在孩子出生前的几周,
swim downstream. 顺流而下.
The graylings only stay here to mate, 格雷林一家只在这里交配,
and after only a few days, 几天后,
the adults retreat to the lakes and big rivers. 成年人撤退到湖泊和大河.
The reindeer are still on the move 驯鹿还在移动
towards the Alpine meadows, 向着高山草甸,
but before leaving the birch forest, 但在离开桦树林之前,
they use its scant protection to give birth 他们利用它缺乏保护来生产
close to the treeline. 靠近树线.
With predators lurking nearby, 捕食者潜伏在附近,
its imperative that the calf gets up 小牛必须站起来
on its legs immediately, 马上用它的腿,
but it's not that easy. 但没那么容易.
Once on its feet,it can also start suckling. 一旦站起来,它也可以开始哺乳.
Reindeer calves are usually single births. 驯鹿犊牛通常是单胎.
Within a few days,the herd must be on the move again 几天之内,牛群一定又开始行动了
with the small ones floundering around. 小家伙们四处挣扎.
The reindeer follow their instincts 驯鹿遵循它们的本能
as pastures open up in their higher mountain areas. 因为牧场在他们的高山地区开放.
It's hard to believe 很难相信
that the little giants of these mountains,the lemmings, 这些山上的小巨人,旅鼠,
play a significant role in the lives of the reindeer, 在驯鹿的生活中扮演着重要的角色,
but they do. 但他们有.
With the snow melting away, 随着雪融化,
their bustling activity under it has left 他们的繁忙活动已经结束
unmistakable evidence of their presence. 他们存在的确凿证据.
The droppings of the ever-hungry rodents 饥饿的啮齿动物的粪便
cover large patches of the tundra 覆盖大片苔原
that's otherwise poor in nutrients. 否则营养不良.
The added fertilizer will possibly increase plant growth 添加的肥料有可能促进植物生长
to the benefit of the reindeer and other grazing animals. 为了驯鹿和其他放牧动物的利益.
Finally,the reindeer calves have reached 最后,驯鹿小牛到达了
the summer pastures for the first time. 夏天的牧场是第一次.
It's still early,and food is scarce. 现在还早,食物也很匮乏.
The reindeer must rely on lichen 驯鹿必须依靠地衣
until green plants start to grow. 直到绿色植物开始生长.
This is a dangerous time for the calves. 这对小牛来说是个危险的时刻.
Out in the open,they're in the predators' sights. 在外面,它们就在掠食者的视线里.
For the golden eagle,a young calf is easy prey. 对于金鹰来说,幼崽很容易被捕食.
There is safety in the herd. 牛群是安全的.
Falling behind is a deadly mistake. 落后是一个致命的错误.
Up to 50% of the reindeer calves may die 多达50%的驯鹿幼崽可能会死亡
in the first two months of their lives. 在他们生命的头两个月.
The majority of them fall prey 他们中的大多数都成了牺牲品
to the different predators that rule this land. 不同的掠食者统治着这片土地.
Summer is here. 夏天到了.
North of the Arctic Circle, 北极圈以北,
the sun shines 24-hours a day now. 现在每天24小时阳光灿烂.
Plants and animals make the most of the short season, 植物和动物充分利用了短暂的季节,
especially the busy lemmings, 尤其是那些忙碌的旅鼠,
whose lifespan is only about two years. 他的寿命只有两年.
They stay active around the clock, 他们24小时都很活跃,
grazing as much as they can between short periods of sleep. 在短时间睡眠之间尽可能多地放牧.
They don't dig their own burrows, 他们不会自己挖地洞,
but create cozy nests in cracks and holes. 但在裂缝和洞里建立舒适的巢穴.
Soon,the reproductive frenzy is in full swing. 很快,生殖狂潮如火如荼.
A female lemming can give birth 雌性旅鼠可以生育
to as many as 12 young ones in a brood. 一窝12个孩子.
The babies are born blind and furless. 婴儿出生时是瞎的,没有毛的.
They grow quickly on the milk provided by their busy mother. 它们靠忙碌的母亲提供的乳汁迅速成长.
The youngsters leave their nest after only two weeks, 两周后,幼崽就离开了巢穴,
and may already reproduce before they're one month old. 一个月前它们就可以繁殖了.
Conditions are favorable. 条件是有利的.
The population grows quickly 人口增长很快
and the female can become pregnant again. 女性可以再次怀孕.
The next litter could be due in three to four weeks. 下一胎将在三到四周内出生.
After the simple diet of mosses through the winter, 在简单地吃苔藓过冬之后,
fresh grass is a real treat. 新鲜的草是一种真正的享受.
With thousands and thousands of nests 有成千上万的巢穴
scattered over the tundra, 散落在冻原上,
the population literally explodes. 人口真的爆炸了.
And so the story repeats itself, 于是故事又重演了一遍,
in a good year perhaps with six litters. 在好的一年里,也许有六窝.
Nearby,another animal broadcasts its own fox news. 附近,另一种动物播放自己的福克斯新闻.
The message? 信息？
Life is good for the arctic fox this year. 今年北极狐的生活很好.
The female heads out on a hunt. 雌鸟出去打猎.
The arctic fox appears in different color varieties. 北极狐有不同的颜色.
Some,like this female,are very dark. 有些,像这只雌性,非常黑暗.
She will turn as white as snow in the winter. 冬天她会变得像雪一样白.
Around the den,there are obvious signs 在洞穴周围,有明显的迹象
that this is a good year for the foxes. 今年是狐狸的好年头.
The large number of lemmings 大量的旅鼠
has given the arctic fox a chance to reproduce. 给了北极狐繁殖的机会.
They have six healthy pups. 他们有六只健康的小狗.
Not an extraordinary number, 不是特别多,
but it's good for a species 但这对一个物种是有好处的
that has been on the verge of extinction 已经濒临灭绝
in Scandinavia for many decades. 在斯堪的纳维亚生活了几十年.
In a bad lemming year, 在一个恶劣的旅鼠年,
almost all of the pups may die, 几乎所有的幼崽都会死,
but for now,it looks promising. 但目前看来,前景看好.
The den is a burrow with a maze 这个洞穴是一个有迷宫的洞穴
of tunnels under the ground. 地下隧道.
The site can be very old 这个网站可能非常古老
with generations of arctic foxes making it their home. 一代又一代的北极狐把它当成了自己的家.
Some believe this arctic fox castle 有人相信这座北极狐城堡
may have been occupied for hundreds of years. 可能已经被占领了几百年.
For the bravest pups, 对于最勇敢的小狗,
it's time to explore the surroundings. 是时候探索一下周围的环境了.
Oops,what's this? 哦,这是什么？
Cold water is a bit of a surprise for this pup. 冷水对这只小狗来说有点意外.
And worse,now he's stuck alone 更糟的是,现在他孤身一人
on the wrong side of the creek. 在小溪的另一边.
But they learn from their mistakes, 但他们从错误中吸取教训,
and the pup finds a safer and drier way back to the den. 小狗找到了一条更安全、更干燥的回巢穴的路.
The arctic fox den is greener than its surroundings 北极狐巢穴比周围环境更绿
because the animals fertilize the soil 因为动物给土壤施肥
with their waste and the carcasses of their prey. 它们的排泄物和猎物的尸体.
Thanks to the masses of lemmings this year, 多亏了今年大量的旅鼠,
life flourishes on the vast tundra. 生命在广阔的苔原上繁衍生息.
With plenty of food available, 有足够的食物,
the long-tailed skua has decided to breed this summer. 长尾臭鼬决定在今年夏天繁殖.
The young have already hatched. 幼仔已经孵化了.
When a pale brown-color arctic fox cruises the area, 当一只浅棕色的北极狐在该地区巡航时,
the chicks could be in danger. 小鸡可能有危险.
The mother signals to the bigger chick to leave the nest. 妈妈示意大一点的小鸡离开巢.
It's safer to hide nearby. 躲在附近比较安全.
But the skua is a fierce fighter. 但是skua是一个凶猛的战士.
And this time,the fox loses the battle. 这一次,狐狸输了.
The youngest one-day-old chick is still in the nest, 最小的一天大的小鸡还在窝里,
and the female quickly covers it against the cold wind. 雌性很快就把它盖起来抵御寒风.
The older chick has ventured out into the surrounding area. 年长的小鸡冒险到周围地区去了.
Perhaps the next day,his sibling,too,will leave the nest, 也许第二天,他的兄弟姐妹也会离开巢穴,
and they will disperse. 它们就会散开.
Their parents will steel feed them 他们的父母会养活他们
for several weeks in the undergrowth. 在灌木丛里呆了几个星期.
This behavior can increase their chance of survival. 这种行为可以增加他们的生存机会.
This time,the mother still wants him back. 这一次,母亲仍然想要他回来.
And of course,the older chick still prefers 当然,年长的小鸡还是更喜欢
the warm protection under mama's wing, 妈妈翅膀下的温暖保护,
and to be the first to get food when it's delivered. 而且是第一个拿到食物的人.
They feed on lemmings when they're available, 它们在有机会的时候以旅鼠为食,
but they're not picky and will devour other small animals, 但它们不挑剔,会吃掉其他小动物,
fish,insects,and even berries. 鱼,昆虫,甚至浆果.
At last,summer is in full swing 夏天终于开始了
in the Scandinavian mountains. 在斯堪的纳维亚山脉.
While the reindeer have migrated up to the tundra, 当驯鹿迁徙到苔原时,
the moose prefer to stay in the wooded areas 驼鹿喜欢呆在树林里
where they find plenty of food. 在那里他们能找到足够的食物.
In the middle of the summer,flowers blossom, 盛夏花开,
and insects are abundant. 昆虫也很丰富.
And the lemmings just keep doing what they always do. 而旅鼠只是继续做他们一直做的事.
Eat and breed. 吃和繁殖.
Summer temperatures can climb 夏季气温会上升
above a balmy 25 degrees celsius. 在温暖的25摄氏度以上.
For the reindeer,this is too much, 对于驯鹿来说,这太过分了,
and they often seek cooling shelter 他们经常寻找凉爽的庇护所
on the remaining snowfields, 在剩下的雪原上,
where they also escape mosquitoes. 在那里它们也能躲避蚊子.
The male arctic fox returns to the den. 雄性北极狐返回巢穴.
The pups eagerly await his return, 小狗们急切地等待着它的归来,
growing fast and constantly hungry. 长得很快而且经常挨饿.
They beg for food, 他们乞求食物,
but this time,there's nothing to be had. 但这一次,什么都没有了.
The male seems more annoyed by the attention. 男性似乎更恼火的注意.
This is the result of not trying harder with the skuas. 这是因为没有更努力地处理SKUA.
But there is still hope. 但仍有希望.
The female returns. 雌性返回.
And her hunting went a lot better. 她打猎的情况好多了.
She's got a mouthful of lemmings. 她有一口狐猴.
A good lemming year with successful reproduction 旅鼠繁殖成功的一年
gives this threatened species a new lease of life. 给这个受威胁的物种一个新的生命.
The male heads out for another try. 雄鸟又开始了一次尝试.
Maybe this time,he'll be lucky. 也许这次,他会很幸运.
The pups are almost as big as the female now, 幼崽现在几乎和母崽一样大了,
and with nasty bites,she warns them 她用恶毒的叮咬警告他们
that they will have to leave the den someday soon. 他们很快就会离开这个洞穴.
Lemmings are now emerging everywhere. 现在到处都出现了旅鼠.
They seem to occupy every available crack. 他们似乎占据了每一个可用的裂缝.
With their perfect camouflage, 完美的伪装,
they look like tiny living rocks on the run. 它们看起来像是在逃跑的小石头.
And indeed,they are on the move, 事实上,他们正在行动,
looking for more available territory and new partners. 寻找更多可用的领域和新的合作伙伴.
The new generation is out,and hungry. 新一代人出去了,饿了.
They eat a lot. 他们吃得很多.
The growing lemming population eventually eats 越来越多的旅鼠最终会吃东西
all the food they need for their survival. 他们生存所需的所有食物.
Available food, 提供食物,
rather than the abundance of predators, 而不是大量的食肉动物,
could be the reason for their cyclical appearance, 它们的出现可能是周期性的,
and this could be one explanation 这可能是一种解释
for the mythological migration of lemmings. 为了传说中的旅鼠迁徙.
But it's not a total myth. 但这不是一个完全的神话.
Lemmings do migrate, 旅鼠确实会迁徙,
and moving down to lower elevations near the treeline 向下移动到树线附近的低海拔地区
gives them a better chance of survival. 给了他们更好的生存机会.
Food is still abundant here, 这里的食物还是很丰富的,
and a first wave of lemmings is already coming. 第一波旅鼠已经来了.
In years when their numbers explode, 在他们数量激增的年代,
there can be as many as 150 lemmings 可能有多达150只旅鼠
in an area the size of a football pitch. 在足球场大小的区域.
With the population density so high, 人口密度这么高,
lemmings defend their turf. 旅鼠保卫自己的地盘.
Don't mess with a stressed out,pregnant mom. 不要和一个压力过大的怀孕妈妈在一起.
This is her territory now. 这是她的地盘.
This is some of the last true wilderness in Europe. 这是欧洲最后一片真正的荒野.
With most of the land far away from population centers, 由于大部分土地远离人口中心,
the threat to the region is of a different kind. 对该地区的威胁是另一种.
Climate change is the new culprit. 气候变化是新的罪魁祸首.
Glaciers are retreating, 冰川正在退缩,
leaving land bare for the first time in thousands of years. 几千年来第一次让土地光秃秃的.
With the temperature changes, 随着温度的变化,
the present tundra will no longer be a barren land 现在的冻原将不再是一片贫瘠的土地
above the treeline. 在树线上方.
Forests are already on the move, 森林已经在移动,
with tall spruce trees climbing ever higher, 高高的云杉,
and the warmth allows for one special individual tree 温暖让一棵特别的树
to finally reach for the sky. 最终到达天空.
It's a single Norway spruce,famously known as Old Tjikko. 这是一棵挪威云杉,以古老的Tjikko而闻名.
It started growing nearly 10,000 years ago 它在近一万年前开始生长
at the end of the ice age. 在冰河世纪末.
Over the millennia, 几千年来,
it survived by creeping along the ground, 它在地上爬行存活下来,
not sending a tree shoot above the snow 不会把树射到雪地上
where chilly winds wound kill it. 寒风把它吹死了.
Clones have covered large areas, 克隆体覆盖了大片区域,
with the original root system still in tact. 原来的根系还保持着接触.
Today,Old Tjikko is a monument of changing times to come. 今天,老Tjikko是一座时代变迁的纪念碑.
Lemming populations used to peak every four years. 旅鼠的数量过去每四年就会达到高峰.
Today,these peaks are fewer and further apart. 如今,这些山峰越来越少,距离也越来越远.
Even slight changes in climate 即使是轻微的气候变化
have a drastic impact on animals living here. 对这里的动物有很大的影响.
Some will benefit. 有些人会受益.
Some will suffer. 有些人会受苦.
It looks like the lemming could be in for a rough ride. 看来这只旅鼠可能会有一段艰难的旅程.
The peak summer season ends in August. 夏季旺季在八月结束.
The reindeer have begun to rut, 驯鹿开始发情了,
with the big bull controlling his harem of females. 大公牛控制着他的后宫.
He must defend all flanks, 他必须保卫所有的侧翼,
preventing females from straying too far, 防止女性走得太远,
and keeping younger bulls at bay. 让年轻的公牛远离危险.
It's work around the clock. 全天候工作.
And a very exhausting exercise. 而且是一项非常累人的运动.
But don't be fooled, 但别上当,
he's fully aware of what's going on around him. 他完全知道周围发生了什么.
Young bulls engage in fighting,preparing themselves 年轻的公牛参与战斗,为自己做准备
to take on the real heavyweight champion. 和真正的重量级冠军较量.
But for now,there's no doubt who the champ is here. 但现在,毫无疑问谁是冠军.
That settled,back to business. 事情解决了,回到正题上来.
The autumn brings another change to the mountains. 秋天给山带来了另一种变化.
When the green chlorophyll in the leaves 当叶子上的绿色叶绿素
of deciduous trees breaks down and disappears, 每年落叶的树木都会分解消失,
the remaining reds and yellows dominate 剩下的红色和黄色占主导地位
for a short period of time. 在短时间内.
In peak years,with food resources depleted, 在高峰期,随着食物资源的枯竭,
the lemmings migrate even further down the slopes 旅鼠在斜坡上迁徙得更远
and deep into the forests. 在森林深处.
No doubt there is more food for them there. 毫无疑问那里有更多的食物给他们.
Feeding mostly on mosses, 主要以苔藓为食,
they will find grass,sedge and seeds in abundance. 他们会找到大量的草、莎草和种子.
But they will soon also realize they have competitors. 但他们很快也会意识到自己有竞争对手.
Wood lemmings,a close relative, 木旅鼠,近亲,
one of the rodents to contend with. 要对付的啮齿动物之一.
This is the queen of lemmings, 这是旅鼠女王,
ruling in a matriarchal society, 在母系社会统治,
where as many as 75% of lemmings are females, 其中75%的旅鼠是雌性,
and some of the females give birth only to females. 有些雌性只生雌性.
When their population increases, 当他们的人口增加时,
they,too,can face starvation, 他们也会面临饥饿,
which forces them to migrate, 迫使他们迁徙,
and under those circumstances, 在这种情况下,
the pressure from invading relatives is another threat. 来自亲戚的压力是另一个威胁.
The Norway lemmings desperately try to settle down, 挪威旅鼠拼命想安定下来,
but this is a strange,unknown world for them. 但对他们来说,这是一个陌生、未知的世界.
Everything looks so different. 一切看起来都不一样.
What starts out as a friendly encounter with their cousins 一开始是和他们的表亲们的友好接触
soon turns hostile. 很快就会变得敌对.
The much larger Norway lemming 更大的挪威旅鼠
could easily kill the wood lemming. 很容易杀死林旅鼠.
But such occasions are few and far between. 但这样的场合很少.
Now this is different. 现在不同了.
This is an animal that can kill both. 这是一种既能杀也能杀的动物.
The lemmings share this forest with the brown bear. 旅鼠和棕熊共享这片森林.
But in the autumn,the bear prepares for hibernation, 但是在秋天,熊准备冬眠,
and is focused on gorging itself on berries. 专注于吃浆果.
In fact,it's so focused,it doesn't even notice 事实上,它是如此专注,甚至没有注意到
there are other,much smaller critters around. 周围还有其他小得多的生物.
It's been a good year for the Norway lemmings, 今年是挪威旅鼠的好年头,
and for the animals that feed on them, 对于以它们为食的动物,
but for all the lemmings that came this far from the tundra, 但是对于那些从冻土带这么远来的旅鼠,
this is also the end of the road. 这也是路的尽头.
Outside their primary range, 在他们的主要活动范围之外,
they face more predators,more challenges, 他们面临更多的捕食者,更多的挑战,
and the forest that fed them now becomes their graveyard. 喂养它们的森林现在变成了它们的墓地.
In lemming years,the masses of exhausted lemmings 在旅鼠生活的年代,成群精疲力竭的旅鼠
fall victim to disease, 成为疾病的受害者,
and the dangerous crossing of rivers and lakes. 危险的河流和湖泊的穿越.
Maybe it's images like this 也许是这样的图像
that fed the old myth about lemmings committing suicide, 这助长了关于旅鼠自杀的古老神话,
but the truth is simpler than that. 但事实比这更简单.
It's just a tough environment, 这只是一个艰苦的环境,
and circumstances take their toll. 环境也会付出代价.
And the lemming year has come to an end. 旅鼠年已经结束了.
The very few surviving lemmings 仅存的几只旅鼠
now depend on a good winter, 现在要看一个好冬天,
with plenty of snow to create 有大量的雪要制造
the protective layer of insulation. 绝缘的保护层.
Now the days are short 现在日子很短
with shadows growing longer and longer 随着阴影越来越长
as the region close to the Arctic Circle 由于靠近北极圈的地区
settles in for the long winter night. 在漫长的冬夜安顿下来.
With solar particles hitting the earth's magnetic field 太阳粒子撞击地球磁场
close to the North Pole, 靠近北极,
the solar wind brightens the sky 太阳风照亮了天空
with the lights of the aurora borealis. 在北极光的照耀下.
Even if reindeer are semi-domesticated, 即使驯鹿是半驯养的,
its their natural instinct to move 移动是他们的本能
that sets off the migration. 这就引发了移民.
They stay at higher altitudes as long as they find food. 只要找到食物,它们就会呆在更高的海拔.
But for their survival, 但为了他们的生存,
they need to find winter pastures. 他们需要找到冬天的牧场.
It's another long migration, 又是一次漫长的迁徙,
and the S¨￠mi families will work together S￠mi家族将一起工作
to bring the herd to safety during the short daylight hours, 为了在白天把牛群带到安全的地方,
down to the lowland forests. 一直到低地森林.
The Scandinavian Alpine region 斯堪的纳维亚高山地区
now looks desolate and devoid of animals. 现在看起来荒凉,没有动物.
If conditions allow,it can take three to four years 如果条件允许,可能需要3到4年时间
until the lemmings build up their population again, 在旅鼠再次繁殖之前,
and the stage is set for a new drama. 为一出新剧准备好了舞台.
The red fox has become the latest intruder 红狐已经成为最新的入侵者
in the Nordic mountain landscape. 在北欧山区的风景.
Climate change has opened the door to them. 气候变化为他们打开了大门.
A reindeer carcass becomes an important source of food 驯鹿尸体成为重要的食物来源
for the scavenging red fox, 对于食腐的红狐,
and for the crow, 至于乌鸦,
who dares to challenge the fox for the prize. 谁敢向狐狸挑战奖品.
A reindeer carcass like this one 像这样的驯鹿尸体
provides an extremely rare feeding opportunity, 提供了极为难得的喂食机会,
but it doesn't last long. 但不会持续太久.
Now that the lemmings are gone,food abundance is over. 既然旅鼠已经不在了,食物的丰盛就结束了.
The red fox must find more to eat 红狐必须多找些吃的
to make it through the brutal winter. 为了熬过严冬.
And now a new battle is playing out. 而现在一场新的战斗正在上演.
The red fox is challenging its relative 红狐正在挑战它的亲戚
which has reigned supreme on the tundra. 它在冻土带上占据了至高无上的地位.
Twice its size,it easily kills an arctic fox. 它的体型是它的两倍,很容易杀死一只北极狐.
Maybe outsmarting the red fox on one occasion 也许有一次比红狐更聪明
will save this particular arctic fox, 会拯救这只特殊的北极狐,
but the reality of climate change favors the red fox. 但气候变化的现实有利于红狐.
It can now venture into lands that used to be out of range. 它现在可以冒险进入过去不在射程范围内的土地.
It will out compete on all fronts. 它将在各条战线上展开竞争.
For food,taking over dens, 为了食物,接管巢穴,
and killing arctic foxes and their cubs. 杀死北极狐和它们的幼崽.
Lemmings must also adapt to the changing climate, 旅鼠也必须适应不断变化的气候,
and maybe still,somewhere under the blanket of snow, 也许,在雪的覆盖下,
the last lemmings survive. 最后的旅鼠存活了下来.
Humans will not detect their presence 人类不会察觉到它们的存在
until the next good lemming year. 直到下一个好的旅鼠年.
But the lemming couldn't care less 但是旅鼠毫不在意
about the people above it. 关于上面的人.
In its world,it is still the little giant of the north. 在它的世界里,它仍然是北方的小巨人.